Jingszo !

A critical part of understanding and identifying habitable worlds is understanding how their atmospheres evolve, including atmospheric escape. Atmospheric escape is a natural part of planetary evolution, and it has occurred throughout Earth's history. However, it was much more pronounced in Earth's early history, due to the Sun's energetic output and more frequent impacts from asteroids and comets. In current times, the escape is minimal, though steady.

The presence of massive H-related species in lunar soil has been confirmed, and these species can potentially be converted into water with appropriate treatments. In this work, an in situ photothermal lunar water extraction and utilization technology was proposed. The extracted lunar water enabled the conversion of CO2 into O2, H2, and CO with photothermal catalytic technology.

We present the detection of a previously unknown giant molecular cloud (GMC) located at the midpoint of the Galactic Bar Dust Lanes (M4.7–0.8), using spectral line observations taken with the Green Bank Telescope.

Here we report the discovery of a metre-long front flipper of the large-bodied Jurassic ichthyosaur Temnodontosaurus, including unique details of its soft-tissue anatomy. In addition to revealing a wing-like planform, the fossil preserves a serrated trailing edge that is reinforced by novel cartilaginous integumental elements, herein denominated chondroderms.

The presence and stability of brines on Mars’s surface remain a significant mystery in planetary exploration. Previous mechanisms proposed for brine formation include melting of ice-salt mixtures and salt deliquescence. However, melting lacks a recharge mechanism, and deliquescence is impeded by Mars’s extreme surface aridity.

The fact that 2023 KQ14 now follows an orbit different from the other sednoids indicates that the outer solar system is more diverse and complex than previously thought. This discovery also places new constraints on the hypothetical Planet Nine. If Planet Nine exists, its orbit must lie farther out than typically predicted.

The legality of cannibalism in the U.S. is rarely addressed by a single law, but is instead governed by a complex web of existing statutes.

For decades, cosmologists have worked under the inflationary paradigm, a model that suggests that the universe expanded extremely rapidly, in a fraction of a second, thus paving the way for everything we observe today. But this model includes too many adjustable parameters—the free parameters—which can be modified. Scientifically, this poses a problem, as it makes it difficult to know whether a model is truly predicting or simply adapting to the data.

Recent research on the Nariokotome Boy’s ribcage suggests the slender thorax of modern H. sapiens is a derived condition.

Mars was a rainier, wetter place than planetary scientists previously thought, according to a new study of ancient, inverted river channels that span more than 9,000 miles (14,484 kilometers) in the Red Planet's southern Noachis Terra region.

The size and complexity of human societies increased dramatically over the Holocene.

CTV science and tech expert Dan Riskin on a new report suggesting further analysis is needed as 600 to 1,000 Canadians a year claim to have seen UFOs

Seasonal hunting campsites provide a good picture about the movement of family-sized groups in coastal dune systems.

CEMLM is a British Academy-funded project establishing a new catalogue of Latin medical manuscripts from before the Salerno School revolution of the eleventh century. Hundreds of medical manuscripts have been identified that are not included in the standard catalogues by Beccaria (1956) or Wickersheimer (1965), potentially transforming our understanding of medieval medicine. We will provide:

This paper presents a conceptual lunar habitat that was created by covering 17 m diameter crater in the Mare Tranquillitatis with a structure made from a lunar regolith-based geopolymer.

The topic of unidentified flying objects (UFOs), now often referred to as unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP), has captured public imagination for decades. Media coverage of these mysterious sightings has shaped perceptions, fueled debates, and influenced cultural attitudes. From sensationalized headlines in the mid-20th century to nuanced reporting today, the way journalists and outlets cover UFOs reflects broader societal trends, technological advancements, and evolving scientific inquiry. This article explores how media reporting on UFOs has changed over time, its current state, and what might lie ahead.

Prior evidence for the pterosaur diet was mainly based on indirect evidence related to their morphology or features of their anatomy, the structure of their beak being one example. A few studies have found remnants of food in pterosaur remains, either within the stomach, the mouth or as waste products. These included some evidence of fish and insect consumption. However, new research discussed in a report from Science Bulletin provides the first direct evidence that pterosaurs were perfectly happy to eat a full meal of plant material.

A 4,000-year-old human rib pierced with a flint arrowhead reveals that a violent attack unfolded high in the Pyrenees of Spain during the Early Bronze Age.

Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), now often called Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) by organizations like NASA, have fascinated Americans for decades. These sightings, ranging from mysterious lights to structured craft, spark curiosity about what might be traversing the skies. While many reports have logical explanations—satellites, aircraft, or weather phenomena—some remain unexplained, fueling speculation. Certain U.S. regions consistently report higher numbers of sightings due to geography, population, historical events, and proximity to military or aerospace activity. This article explores the most likely places to encounter UFOs, diving into regional trends, environmental factors, cultural influences, and detailed data from the past five years.

A more than 2,000-year-old habit

Researchers in Japan say they have set a new world record for the fastest internet speed, transmitting over 125,000 gigabytes of data per second over 1,120 miles (1,802 kilometers).

In a dramatic new discovery, scientists have identified over 15,000 kilometers of ancient riverbeds on Mars, revealing that vast regions of the planet were once crisscrossed by flowing water.

Archaeologists have recovered dodecahedrons from the graves of men and women, in coin hoards and even in refuse heaps, so a blanket explanation for their use has not been found. But many researchers have attempted to solve the puzzle, suggesting that dodecahedrons may have been used as weapons, decorations, candlestick holders, range finders, measurement devices, children's toys, dice, craftsman's samples or spools for knitting gloves.

Picture a stereotypical scene in a medieval village. What do you imagine? Children playing in the dirty unpaved street perhaps, maybe two men on top of a cottage fixing the thatch, perhaps a young woman sweeping the front step, worrying about her elderly 35-year-old mother who is dying in the back room… of old age.

According to the auction house, the meteorite is believed to have been blown off the surface of Mars by a massive asteroid strike before traveling 140 million miles (225 million kilometers) to Earth, where it crashed into the Sahara. A meteorite hunter found it in Niger in November 2023, Sotheby's says.

The archaeological site, known as Penico, was a meeting point for trade between the first human communities on the Pacific coast and those from the Andes and Amazon regions, researchers have said.

Within that ancient tradition, the image of the elk (Cervus elaphus sibiricus) had the longest duration of any animal imagery; but over the millennia it underwent radical change. Beginning as an image reflecting a primitive, monumental realism, it was transformed into an expression of vital naturalism in the Bronze Age. By the end of the Bronze Age, the image began to shift into a highly stylized emblem of status, clan identity, or perhaps gender, finally degenerating into a wolf-like beast.

Here, the authors review the contribution of horse to food refuse at 198 settlements across medieval Hungary, highlighting variability in food practices through time and space. Examination of these zooarchaeological assemblages indicates that hippophagy continued after the general conversion to Christianity in the eleventh century but substantially declined following the Mongol invasion (AD 1241–1242) and disappeared by the mid-sixteenth-century Ottoman occupation. Diachronic and geographic trends in this practice reveal ambiguity in food customs, reflecting complex (social, religious and ethnic) local identities.

The truth is in Ottawa. Maybe.

For nearly a century, scientists have been puzzling over fossils from a strange and robust-looking distant relative of early humans: Paranthropus robustus. It walked upright, and was built for heavy chewing with relatively massive jaws, and huge teeth with thick dental enamel. It’s thought to have lived between 2.25 million and 1.7 million years ago.

A mystery interstellar object discovered last week is likely to be the oldest comet ever seen—possibly predating our solar system by more than 3 billion years, researchers say.

Interestingly, the study indicates the possibility that the Inuit arrived in Greenland before the Norse people—although they may not have interacted much. The study authors write, "After 985 CE, it is known that Norse settlements were established in southwestern Greenland, but the degree of interaction between the Norse and their Inuit contemporaries remains unclear."

Is Dawes satisfied with the solution to the mystery? “I would say,” he told me, “I’m not losing sleep over the Sound because I’ve got this analysis that matches up pretty well.” But because they never found the actual HVAC unit, never traced the sound to a definitive culprit, Dawes is reluctant to fully commit to their theory. “You never get 100 percent confirmation, probably for anything,” he told me. “It’s always this gray, ‘Maybe, seems like a likely answer.’ But who knows, it could be something else.”

Tungsten deposits are typically associated with crust-derived evolved granitoids. Whether the mantle has contributed to tungsten mineralization, however, is unknown.

The National UFO Reporting Center collects reports from the public

The Milky Way could have many more satellite galaxies than scientists have previously been able to predict or observe, according to new research. Cosmologists at Durham University used a new technique combining the highest-resolution supercomputer simulations that exist, alongside novel mathematical modeling, to predict the existence of missing "orphan" galaxies.

Colossal volcanic eruptions like the kind that may have obliterated the dinosaurs more than 65 million years ago are caused by mantle plumes that rise from shifting underground mountains deep within the Earth's mantle, new research led by University of Wollongong (UOW) geophysicists and statistical scientists has revealed.

The Cambrian Explosion is a landmark moment in the history of life on Earth when many of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record.

The four-year collaborative effort involves three Italian universities, each contributing specialised expertise to create an entirely new type of crop. Their biggest obstacle though is size. Even dwarf varieties of rice grown on Earth are too large for space habitats where every cubic centimetre matters. Traditional dwarf crops achieve their compact size by manipulating gibberellin, a plant hormone that reduces height but creates problems with seed germination and productivity.

Rather than searching for life in laboratories or on Mars, researchers led by Sukrit Ranjan from the University of Arizona propose using the HWO to examine patterns of life across multiple exoplanets. Their approach is really quite simple: different theories about how life begins make different predictions about where and how often life should appear. They propose that by observing enough planets, the theories can be tested against real data.

For years, the identity of one of the carpal bones in the wrist of birds was a scientific mystery, until researchers proved it was the pisiform. This bone was originally a sesamoid bone like a kneecap, and had moved from its original position in the wrist to replace the ulnare, another carpal bone. Its position in modern birds appears to establish linkages that allow birds to fold their wings automatically when the elbow flexes.

•This study introduces a noninvasive video-based system to monitor cardiac activity in insects by analyzing subtle body movements.

The Fluvial History of Noachis Terra, Mars

In the story, an unnamed Roman senator of praetorian rank who is suffering from an unspecified ailment takes a leave of absence to the Greek spa town of Antikyra in hopes that his health will benefit from treatments made from hellebore—a flowering plant purported to have medicinal properties. The senator, perhaps pressing his luck, asks Caligula to extend his leave. In response, the emperor has the hapless senator executed, quipping that "a bloodletting was necessary for one whom hellebore had not benefited in all that time."

“I don’t know.”

"Our latest data has found more evidence of ammonia on Venus, with the potential for it to exist in the habitable parts of the planet's clouds," Professor Greaves said.

Relationships between pre-humans and large predators, rooted in the Middle Pleistocene, suggest a strategic exploitation of carnivore remains. However, opportunistic procurement cannot be entirely ruled out as a potential factor influencing animal choice in tool production. The intentional transformation of lion bones into functional tools highlights Neanderthals’ cognitive skills, adaptability, and capacity for resource utilization beyond their immediate survival needs.

As the First World War raged on, German submarines were deployed in the Atlantic to attack Allied ships. While many of these U-boats were sunk during the war, one particular submarine, SM UB-85, gained notoriety for an unusual reason.

Enamel has proved to be a fruitful source of molecular evidence for past behavioural, ecological and climatic patterns, and we show here that it is also a potent archive for small proteomes far into deep time. We observe declining fragment abundances in fossil enamel from progressively older sites, and site-specific degradation, suggesting differential fossilization and erosional conditions and pacing that affect molecular preservation.

Sustaining life beyond Earth requires the creation of habitats, which is typically assumed to require costly transport of high-mass components from Earth.

Radar systems used by civilian airports and military operations are inadvertently revealing our existence to potential advanced alien civilizations, new research shows.

The bone-eating worm Osedax is today a member of the highly adapted invertebrate assemblages associated with whale carcasses on the ocean floor. The worm has also been found in a variety of other vertebrates in marine environments.

Earth and our entire Milky Way galaxy may sit inside a mysterious giant hole which makes the cosmos expand faster here than in neighboring regions of the universe, astronomers say.

Studying animal culture has been insightful for understanding the complexities of knowledge transmission and tracing human culture’s evolutionary origins.

There is increasing evidence that non-human animals experience ‘free-floating’ mood states, but such evidence is lacking in reptiles, hindering the debate as to their affective capacity and with subsequent implications for welfare.

Collective behavior plays a vital role in detecting and evading predators, yet its neural and genetic underpinnings remain poorly understood.

As the search for technosignatures continues, this white paper demonstrates how SETI could enhance and adapt its techniques for identifying intelligent life beyond Earth, specifically using methods that perhaps once seemed unnecessary or unreliable. Since traditional techniques of searching for radio signals on specific frequencies have shown zero results, perhaps high-energy astronomy could open the door for helping astronomers better understand the universe aside from searching for technosignatures.

The afterlife is not typically associated with aggressive pets and insatiable worms. But these are exactly the creatures that appeared to an unnamed woman recluse living in Winchester, England, over the course of three nights in the summer of 1422. The woman was an anchoress. That means she had chosen – and subsequently vowed – to live in solitary confinement within a small cell attached to a church for the rest of her life.

We are part of a research team that has confirmed the oldest known rocks on Earth are located in northern Québec. Dating back more than four billion years, these rocks provide a rare and invaluable glimpse into the origins of our planet.

Celestial objects known as dark dwarfs may be hiding at the center of our galaxy and could offer key clues to uncover the nature of one of the most mysterious and fundamental phenomena in contemporary cosmology: dark matter.

While this pilot study provides some insights about the taphonomic pathway for the fractured rib of RSKM P2523.8, it also demonstrates the potential for a much larger study that tracks the bone healing/growth potential of other dinosaurs in the Cretaceous period. By examining 3D angiogenesis of different species, ages and sizes of specimens, as well as assessing different types of pathologies (fractures and varying diseases) using various synchrotron radiation techniques, one could produce a much more comprehensive recreation of ancient life and pathologies.

The first people in Polynesia settled the islands from west to east, rapidly expanding from Tonga and Samoa across the sea to central East Polynesia and from there to distant lands such as Hawai'i, Rapa Nui and Aotearoa/New Zealand.

Explanation: It came from outer space. An object from outside our Solar System is now passing through at high speed. Classified as a comet because of its gaseous coma, 3I/ATLAS is only the third identified macroscopic object as being so alien. The comet's trajectory is shown in white on the featured map, where the orbits of Jupiter, Mars, and Earth are shown in gold, red, and blue. Currently Comet 3I/ATLAS is about the distance of Jupiter from the Sun -- but closing, with its closest approach to our Sun expected to be within the orbit of Mars in late October. Expected to pass near both Mars and Jupiter, 3I/ATLAS is not expected to pass close to the Earth. The origin of Comet 3I/ATLAS remains unknown. Although initial activity indicates a relatively normal comet, future observations about 3I/ATLAS' composition and nature will surely continue.

Sulfates are salts that form when sulfur, usually in compound form, mixes with other minerals in water.

Using data from a number of astronomical surveys, including the Dark Energy Survey and the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, the researchers have developed a model that predicts our universe will end in a "Big Crunch" in approximately 33.3 billion years. Since the universe is currently 13.8 billion years old, this gives us roughly 20 billion years before the curtain falls!

There are currently several rovers searching Mars for signs of life that could have existed back in those more habitable times, millions of years ago.

Advice for finding a lover

The fact that multiple high-ranking officials have claimed firsthand knowledge of secret UFO programs does not square easily with a “bizarre hazing ritual” involving bogus “alien projects.”

The model's findings show that under our current "business as usual" conditions—the Too Little Too Late scenario—humanity risks a gradual slide into ever-worsening breakdowns: a steadily grayer and more fragmented world.

Irrespective of human population increase or decrease, biodiversity losses continue among most species studied mainly because of change in agricultural land use, either due to urbanization, disuse and abandonment, or intensification. Only where human numbers are currently stable, biodiversity is also more stable, although we anticipate that this may also change as ageing deepens into depopulation in these areas. We conclude by urging countries facing depopulation to account for its outcomes in their biodiversity conservation and restoration strategies.

The evidence suggests that the subadult Tharsis specimens have been nibbling and sucking microbial mats or soft tissue remnants off a floating, dead belemnite and accidentally sucked in the “bulb” at the end of the hastate rostrum. Once this happened, the belemnite proved to be a deadly trap due to its peculiar shape and sheer size. Even though the fish tried to pass the obstructive item through its gills, there was no way of getting rid of it, leading to death by suffocation.

We present archaeological data from the lake landscape of Neumark-Nord (Germany), where Last Interglacial Neanderthals processed at least 172 large mammals at a water’s edge site.

Wooden tools from the early Paleolithic Period are extremely rare, with only two previously known discoveries, one in Europe and one in Africa. In both cases, the tools were hunting implements, spears, and spear tips. Liu et al. describe several wooden tools from a 300,000-year-old site in China. These tools were not used for hunting, but rather appear to have been designed to obtain and process plant foods. This finding shows that wooden tools were being used across a much wider range at the time, and also provides insight into how cultures from different environments may have developed locally useful implements.

Yellow? Green? White? 🤔🌞

The Southern Television broadcast interruption was a broadcast signal intrusion that occurred on 26 November 1977 in parts of southern England in the United Kingdom. The audio of a Southern Television broadcast was replaced by a voice claiming to represent the "Ashtar Galactic Command", delivering a message instructing humanity to abandon its weapons so it could participate in a "future awakening" and "achieve a higher state of evolution". After six minutes, the broadcast returned to its scheduled programme.

Rather than the plate tectonic processes we see today, the research points to a regime dominated by mantle plumes—towering columns of hot, molten rock ascending from deep within Earth. It also identifies a phenomenon known as sagduction, wherein surface rocks gradually descend under their weight into the planet's hotter, deeper layers. These findings shed new light on the dynamic processes that governed the early evolution of Earth's lithosphere.

Unexplained sightings have puzzled Greater Manchester for decades – from glowing lights darting across the Pennines to strange shapes hovering silently over city rooftops.

The increasing frequency of rocket launches is crowding the region of space closest to Earth, known as low-Earth orbit—a zone that’s already peppered with tens of thousands of bits of decades-old hardware, some of it dating back to the Cold War. Experts caution that the danger posed by all this space junk is rising sharply. Incidents like the one in Saskatchewan “are going to become much more common,” says Lawler. Eventually, she says, “someone will die from this.”

The object in question is currently at +18th magnitude, moving slowly along the border of the constellations Serpens Cauda and Sagittarius, right near the galactic plane. The object was captured on July 2nd by the Deep Random Survey remote telescope in Chile. The Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) based in Rio Hurtado made the discovery on July 1st. Sam Deen soon backed this up with pre-discovery images from worldwide ATLAS sites in Chile, Hawaii and South Africa from June 25-29.

We cannot, of course, go back and sniff to find out. But the literary texts, physical remains of structures, objects, and environmental evidence (such as plants and animals) can offer clues.

A mysterious crop circle has appeared in a field in Devon.

Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (c. 1490) represents one of the most analyzed yet cryptic works in art history. While the drawing's symbolic significance as representing ideal human proportions has been extensively documented, the precise geometric system Leonardo used to establish the relationship between the circumscribing circle and square has remained mysteriously elusive for over five centuries.

UCLA researchers have made a significant discovery showing that biological brains and artificial intelligence systems develop remarkably similar neural patterns during social interaction. This first-of-its-kind study reveals that when mice interact socially, specific brain cell types synchronize in "shared neural spaces," and AI agents develop analogous patterns when engaging in social behaviors.

Our models suggest that periods of habitability on Mars have been the exception, rather than the rule, and that Mars generally self-regulates as a desert planet.

The article presents a previously unknown hymn in praise of Marduk, the Esagil, Babylon and the Babylonians. It contains unparalleled descriptions of the healing powers of Marduk, the splendor of Babylon, the spring borne by the Euphrates to the city’s fields and the generosity of the Babylonians themselves. The text survives in 20 manuscripts, from the 7th to the 2nd/1st centuries BCE, and it can be shown that it was a fixture in the school curriculum of the time. The author of this highly accomplished piece immortalized his devotion to his city, gods, and people in words that resonated until the final decades of cuneiform culture.

Although our analyses are limited to a single Egyptian individual who, on the basis of his relatively high-status burial, may not be representative of the general population, our results revealed ancestry links to earlier North African groups and populations of the eastern Fertile Crescent. Analogous links were indicated in our biological affinity analyses of dental traits and craniometrics of the Nuwayrat individual, as well as in previous morphological studies based on full samples.

Dust devils on Mars could be crackling with electric currents, according to a new study — and scientists are a little concerned about this because a buildup of such charge could harm rovers rolling along the surface of Mars.

Results demonstrate the interplay between freehand and bipolar knapping, reflecting a flexible technological strategy to exploit the available radiolarite.

The Permian–Triassic Mass Extinction (PTME), the most severe crisis of the Phanerozoic, has been attributed to intense global warming triggered by Siberian Traps volcanism.

Awareness about UFOs also plays a crucial role in education and scientific engagement. It encourages people—especially students—to take interest in fields like astronomy, astrophysics, aerospace engineering, and planetary science. It also promotes critical thinking, urging individuals to distinguish between science-based evidence and myth.

With our very busy skies in the last century, it’s perhaps unsurprising that Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) have been renamed the less dramatic Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAPs).